Minas de Maria e de Pedra

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Por Leônidas Oliveira

Maria chegou pelo Norte. Em Matias Cardoso, às margens do Velho Chico, foi erguida, na segunda metade do século XVII, a primeira igreja do território mineiro, dedicada à Imaculada Conceição. Foi por ela que se celebrou a fé inicial de um povoado ainda ribeirinho, sem sabê-lo futuro berço de uma civilização do ouro e da pedra. Mais tarde, em 1696, a Capitania de São Paulo e Minas do Ouro fundaria sua primeira cidade: Mariana. Foi batizada assim em honra a Nossa Senhora do Carmo — e sua criação deu-se no mesmo dia de sua celebração. Minas nasceu, pois, sob o signo do feminino, embora tenha sido povoada, sobretudo, por homens.

No início do século XVIII, registros populacionais revelam que apenas cerca de 30% da população livre era composta por mulheres. A estrutura social era duramente masculina, povoada por mineradores, bandeirantes, militares, clérigos e escravizadores. As vilas e arraiais fervilhavam de vozes viris, mas eram escassas de presenças femininas. E, entre as mulheres que ali viviam, a maioria estava confinada ao espaço privado: à casa, à cozinha, à clausura. Essa ausência feminina na esfera pública e política foi, de forma notável, compensada nos altares e na devoção.

O barroco mineiro, com sua teatralidade e transcendência, sublimou o feminino. Elevou Maria ao centro das devoções e cercou-a de outras santas: Bárbara, Teresa, Cecília, Perpétua, Luzia, Ana, Inês, Aparecida. Uma constelação de nomes e imagens de mulheres celestiais ocupou os retábulos, onde flores, ouro, anjos e curvas formam o idioma do sagrado. Essa ornamentação sensual e maternal é o reflexo de uma necessidade simbólica: criar um espaço de consolo e proteção diante de uma sociedade carente do feminino real. A mulher, ausente no mundo, tornou-se onipresente no céu.

As igrejas do Rosário, construídas pelas irmandades dos Homens Pretos, trouxeram ainda mais complexidade a essa representação. Em seus altares, Maria aparece entre santas negras e brancas, refletindo o cotidiano mestiço da sociedade mineira. Santa Efigênia de Etiópia, símbolo de resistência e fé, tornou-se ícone da dignidade da mulher negra cristã. E, mais adiante, já no século XIX, Nhá Chica, do Sul de Minas, filha de uma ex-escravizada, encarnaria essa devoção como expressão viva do sagrado feminino popular. Sua beatificação ecoa a santidade da fé afrodescendente e feminina, construída nas margens da oficialidade.

O nome “Maria” tornou-se o mais comum entre as mulheres batizadas em Minas — e assim permanece. Nomear, nesse contexto, era consagrar. Era entregar a filha a uma proteção celestial, a um arquétipo de pureza, ternura e força. Em um mundo hostil, Maria foi refúgio, promessa e chão.

Minas é de Maria e de pedra. É chão de ouro e fé, mas também de escassez e resistência. Seus templos são fortalezas da alma barroca, onde o feminino encontrou abrigo entre entalhes, nimbos e incensos. Os sinos que repicam nos campanários ressoam a memória de uma presença que nunca se fez plenamente carne, mas que habita, desde sempre, o espírito mineiro.

A simbologia do feminino em Minas não se resume ao campo da fé. Está presente também na tradição oral, nos quintais, nas cozinhas de lenha, nos bordados e nas histórias contadas ao pé da serra. A mulher, mesmo invisível nos registros oficiais, costurou a memória afetiva e simbólica do território. Fez da ausência uma presença. E da pedra, um lar.

E, como lembra a série Borgen, “o futuro é feminino.” Em Minas, talvez ele sempre tenha sido. Desde o início, desde o altar, desde a pedra.

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