Brasil conta com 119 povos em isolamento, diz novo livro do Cimi

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Publicação traz dados sobre os chamados “povos livres”

Por Letycia Bond – Repórter da Agência Brasil

No Brasil, há registros de 119 povos em isolamento voluntário, também chamados de povos livres. Dentre eles, há os que vivem em 37 espaços sem proteção e que podem ser invadidos a qualquer momento, o que os ameaça em diversas dimensões e pode culminar em seu extermínio. 

Diferentemente dos dados que entidades indigenistas produzem regularmente e com mais facilidade, os relacionados aos povos livres exigem um tratamento especial, já que os grupos assim classificados levam esse nome por evitar a convivência com outras pessoas, sejam não indígenas, sejam de outros agrupamentos originários, geralmente devido a experiências de violência que os vitimaram. Os dados constam no livro Povos Indígenas Livres/Isolados na Amazônia e Grande Chaco, lançado nesta quinta-feira (13), na sede da Conferência Nacional dos Bispos do Brasil (CNBB), em Brasília.

Projeto da Equipe de Apoio aos Povos Livres do Cimi (Eapil), do Cimi, a obra destaca que a Fundação Nacional dos Povos Indígenas (Funai) reconhece 114 desses povos e toma apenas 28 deles como os que têm sua existência comprovada. 

Para um dos organizadores do livro, o antropólogo e docente da área na Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM) Lino João de Oliveira Neves, ao deixar de identificá-los, as autoridades governamentais expõem sua negligência e, por vezes, o menosprezo que sentem em relação a eles. O pesquisador ressalta que a omissão não é exclusividade do Brasil e deixa subentendido que, ao não fazer o reconhecimento formal, os governantes garantem que não terão que cumprir nenhum dever, nem mesmo os previstos na Constituição.

“Esses Estados nacionais produzem uma política de negação”, afirmou Neves, que também é assessor da Eapil, durante o evento de lançamento. “São anti-indígenas, violentos contra indígenas. Fazem com isolados o que fazem com todos os indígenas.”

Brasil de atrasos e tragédias

Neves argumenta, ainda, que “todos os indígenas da América Latina vivem na violência” e que, “há 15, 18 anos atrás”, o Brasil e outros países da América do Sul conseguiram consolidar algumas medidas de proteção territorial dos povos indígenas.

“Mas, nos últimos anos, os Estados começaram a retirar os direitos indígenas. Houve um retrocesso das políticas indigenistas. Isso não ocorreu só no Brasil, mas mais concretamente no Brasil e no Peru”, prosseguiu. 

Conforme lembra o antropólogo, desde 1987, o Brasil decidiu não mais insistir em promover aproximações de indigenistas com povos em isolamento voluntário. A deliberação chegou dois anos após o fim da ditadura militar, iniciada em 1964, período em que quem estava no poder vendia um discurso de integração dos povos originários. Neves argumenta que dificuldade de se levantar e atualizar dados sobre os povos livres pode, de primeira, parecer somente um inconveniente, mas, se analisada sob outro ângulo, ser um indicativo de que estão tendo sucesso em se manter longe de tudo e todos, preservados do que chama de “sociedade fundamentalista”.

Por isso, a relativa acessibilidade que se vê agora também diz algo a seu respeito. Para Neves, o que vem ocorrendo é que as regiões que podem habitar estão diminuindo.

“Estão sendo prensados pelo mundo do branco”, resume. “E também porque, nos últimos anos, as próprias organizações indígenas, os próprios parentes [indígenas de outros povos], perceberam que não deviam mais fazer contato, e sim protegê-los.”

“Não somos nós, de fora, que devemos dizer quem eles devem ser”, finaliza o docente da UFAM, quanto ao respeito ao modo de viver dos povos em isolamento voluntário.

Fronteiras

Assim como Neves, que percebe o livro lançado como “um chamado para a consciência coletiva”, o missionário do Cimi e historiador Guenter Francisco Loebens, também responsável por organizá-lo, acredita no potencial de mobilização da publicação. Ele destaca que grande parte desses povos está localizada em regiões de fronteira. “O que remete a uma discussão sobre sua proteção, levando em conta a necessidade de cooperação entre os países, para [se formular] políticas mais adequadas”, explica. 

Outro participante do debate feito durante o evento, Daniel Aristizabal, secretário do Grupo de Trabalho Internacional para a Proteção dos Povos Indígenas Isolados e Contato Inicial (GTI-PIACI), elogiou a iniciativa de se escrever o livro sobre essa temática. “Regionaliza o debate e reconhece que estão em condição de fronteiras, bosques e convida os governos a estabelecer uma estratégia ecológica para mitigar a mudança climática”, avalia. 

Aristizabal salienta que há registros de povos livres na Bolívia e no Paraguai, assim como na Colômbia, no Equador e na Venezuela. “Há na Índia e já estão recebendo informações sobre possíveis registros na África”, acrescenta.

O secretário evocou, ainda, a autodeterminação, que é o princípio que, quando respeitado, permite que cada povo mantenha intacto o modo de viver que deseja seguir. “É nosso sonho que possam permanecer nessa condição”, disse. “Devemos lembrar que esses são os últimos povos que ainda são resistência à colonização.”

Publicação

livro pode ser lido e baixado no site do Cimi. Caso haja interesse em se obter uma cópia impressa da obra, pode-se adquiri-la pelo email mobiliza@cimi.org.br. Os exemplares físicos estão disponíveis no valor de R$ 45. O valor arrecadado será totalmente revertido para custear as despesas da publicação.

Foto: © FUNAI/Divulgação

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