Falta de base de dados é desafio para automatizar pesquisas ambientais

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Brasileiros iniciaram inventário com dados da Floresta Amazônica

Por Fabíola Sinimbú – Repórter da Agência Brasil – Brasília

Uma equipe de pesquisadores de diversas universidades brasileiras deu início a um inventário da Floresta Amazônica, com o levantamento de informações que vão desde sequenciamento de DNA, a fotos e sons de espécies vegetais e animais.

A base de dados dará subsídios para a automatização do reconhecimento de espécies por uma inteligência artificial utilizada pela equipe Brazilian Team na competição XPrize Florestas Tropicais.

Formado majoritariamente por brasileiros, o grupo se estruturou em 2019 pela necessidade de reunir diferentes expertises em busca das melhores contribuições para disputar a competição global de mapeamento de florestas tropicais.

“Começamos com um grupo pequeno e aos pouquinhos fomos acrescentando pessoas. Por exemplo, eu como botânico não conhecia ninguém da área de robótica, então fui atrás para achar um dos maiores especialistas de robótica e cheguei ao Marco Terra. Assim foi também para a parte de bioacústica, de DNA e tudo mais”, relembra o coordenador do grupo Vinícius Souza, que é botânico e professor na Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz da Universidade de São Paulo (Esalq-USP).

Juntos, os integrantes da equipe passaram a se dedicar às soluções tecnológicas que permitiriam avançar na disputa. Chegaram a uma combinação de sensores, podadores e armadilhas adaptados a drones e um robô terrestre, capazes de coletar DNA ambiental e atuar em rede para envio das informações a uma inteligência artificial que identifica as espécies.

A equipe desenvolveu também um protocolo que envolve abordagem modular para identificar sons, além de laboratórios de mochila para análise de DNA ambiental em qualquer local.

Apesar de toda a tecnologia agrupada e adaptada para acessar lugares remotos nas florestas e captar a maior quantidade possível de amostras científicas, o grupo identificou que havia uma lacuna a ser preenchida para identificar e validar as espécies: a base de dados.

Apesar de haver amostras e listas de espécies amazônicas em coleções científicas, o material não era completo o suficiente para ensinar uma inteligência artificial a fazer a identificação instantânea.

“Várias espécies aqui da Amazônia não são descritas pela ciência e as que já são descritas, a gente não tem muitas informações, então, não tem sequência de DNA, às vezes não tem boas imagens, às vezes não tem o som gravado”, explica Carla Lopes, bióloga molecular e professora da Esalq-USP.

Um dos exemplos citados pela equipe são os insetos da Amazônia. Acredita-se que apenas 10% das espécies locais são registradas pela ciência.

“Por volta de 90% das espécies de insetos que existem aqui na Amazônia ainda não foram catalogadas, não foram descritas, não tem um nome científico. A ciência ainda não conhece, mas pode ser que a população local, a comunidade local conheça”, reforça Simone Dena, bióloga especialista em bioacústica e professora da Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp).

Inventário

A solução proposta para este problema foi iniciar um inventário de espécies amazônicas e hospedá-lo, inicialmente, em coleções científicas ou em bancos de dados de ciência-cidadã, até o fim da competição. Segundo os pesquisadores, a ideia é que isso venha a ser disponibilizado em uma plataforma pública.

“A comunidade local às vezes conhece o que a ciência desconhece. O protocolo que a gente monta cria um potencial para essa comunidade local registrar digitalmente aquela espécie que é conhecida já há milhares de anos”, explica o professor Paulo Guilherme Molin, da Universidade Federal de São Carlos (Ufscar), especialista em sensoriamento remoto.

Até as semifinais, o Braziliam Team levantou 50 mil imagens de espécies amazônicas, 16 mil sons e sequenciou o DNA de 624 árvores, 384 insetos e 117 peixes, que foram classificados e inseridos na base de dados que alimenta a inteligência artificial utilizada na última prova aplicada às seis equipes finalistas.

O teste consistia em explorar 100 hectares de Floresta Amazônica, na Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável do Rio Negro (AM), e coletar material por 24 horas, para serem processados em até 48 horas.

Tumbira (AM) 06/07/2024 - Competidores do Xprize Rainforest testam equipamentos de monitoramento na floresta amazônica na comunidade de Tumbira, que fica dentro da Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (RDS) do Rio Negro Foto: Fabio Rodrigues-Pozzebom/ Agência Brasil
Competidores do Xprize Rainforest testam equipamentos de monitoramento na floresta amazônica – Fabio Rodrigues-Pozzebom/Agência Brasil

Painel

Diferentemente do grupo brasileiro, a também finalista norte-americana Map of Life, formada por representantes de uma iniciativa global, já existia antes da competição. O grupo surgiu em 2012, a partir da união de pesquisadores das universidades de Yale e do Colorado, com o objetivo de criar um painel online para reunir o maior levantamento mundial sobre a distribuição de espécies vivas no planeta e suas mudanças.

Ao longo dos anos, a ferramenta evoluiu para integrar todos os tipos de dados, modelos de detecção remota e Inteligência Artificial. Com o concurso, o grupo de pesquisadores buscou aprimorar a análise rápida dos dados, em outra frente, relacionando de forma refinada as informações disponíveis em escala local, com as previsões projetadas por instituições globais.

Com uma ampla base de dados mundial, que reúne informações de mais de 15 mil espécies no Caribe e América do Sul, 4,5 mil espécies nos Estados Unidos e Canadá e outras mais de 6,1 mil espécies no Sudeste Asiático, o grupo também enfrenta a escassez de informações científicas a respeito da Amazônia brasileira.

Ao longo do concurso, a equipe também precisou pesquisar a biodiversidade da maior floresta tropical do mundo e conseguiu identificar 598 espécies de vertebrados, dos quais 218 foram documentados pela equipe; mais de 500 espécies de aves amazônicas e centenas de espécies de vegetação, das quais mais do 80 são samambaias endêmicas na Amazônia.

Mudanças Climáticas

Em termos tecnológicos, os pesquisadores utilizam drones equipados com captura de imagens de alta resolução e sensores acústicos que transmitem as informações para a base de dados, onde os cientistas refinam e publicam as espécies identificadas no painel online.

Atualmente, o foco principal das pesquisas é nas mudanças ocorridas em espécies de plantas, vertebrados terrestres e em alguns grupos de insetos, motivadas pelo aumento da temperatura global. Segundo o coordenador do grupo e professor na Universidade de Yale, Walter Jetz, o principal objetivo é avaliar o processo de perda da biodiversidade de acordo com os parâmetros da Convenção sobre Diversidade Biológica (CDB) estabelecida pela Organização das Nações Unidas desde a Eco 92, ocorrida no Rio de Janeiro.

Jetz conta que o trabalho realizado pela iniciativa foi responsável, inclusive, pelo ajuste nos percentuais de preservação dos biomas terrestres e marítimos para 30% no acordo global, em 2022.

“Trazer as espécies e a biodiversidade de volta aos índices previsto nesses acordos internacionais é uma das grandes contribuições que a Map of Life e as avaliações rápidas têm se empenhado e a competição é muito importante para avançarmos nos outros indicadores como índice das espécies no habitat, que possibilita a avaliação das mudanças, e ainda é uma lacuna do conhecimento”, explica.

Inovação

Para o concurso, os principais ajustes promovidos pela equipe foram o desenvolvimento de técnicas que possibilitam a análise do e-DNA (amostra ambiental com informações genômicas de diversas espécies) em locais remotos e a ampliação da capacidade de captação de dados em diferentes biomas, para atender especificidades da Floresta Amazônica.

Para os dois grupos de pesquisadores, o prêmio de US$5 milhões (mais de R$25 milhões) para o primeiro colocado poderá viabilizar um aprofundamento das pesquisas e, no caso da equipe brasileira, a construção de uma plataforma nacional para reunir essas informações.

De acordo com os integrantes do Brazilian Team, se vencerem, esses valores serão revertidos em investimentos a favor da ciência.

“Depois que a gente coletar esses dados precisamos armazenar em locais que de fato salvaguardem esses materiais tanto das imagens e informações das espécies, quanto DNA, ou sons. Então, a gente vai precisar de infraestrutura inclusive para manter esses acervos, para comprar, por exemplo, um servidor e fazer a manutenção de uma coleção científica que receberá esse material”, conclui Carla Lopes.

Foto: Fabio Rodrigues-Pozzebom/Agência Brasil

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