Por Gabriela Oliveira
O Câncer de Mama é segundo tipo que mais acomete brasileiras, representando em torno de 25% de todos os cânceres que afetam o sexo feminino. Para o Brasil, foram estimados 59.700 casos novos de Câncer de Mama em 2019, com risco estimado de 56 casos a cada 100 mil mulheres.
Não há uma causa única para o Câncer de Mama. Diversos agentes estão relacionados ao desenvolvimento da doença entre as mulheres, como: envelhecimento (quanto mais idade, maior o risco de ter a doença), fatores relacionados à vida reprodutiva da mulher (idade da primeira menstruação, ter tido ou não filhos, ter ou não amamentado, idade em que entrou na menopausa), histórico familiar de Câncer de Mama, consumo de álcool, excesso de peso, atividade física insuficiente e exposição à radiação ionizante.
Com o objetivo de conscientizar a população, principalmente as mulheres, sobre as formas de detectar a doença e a importância do diagnóstico precoce, atores que aumentam as chances de cura e reduzem a mortalidade, a Campanha Outubro Rosa, criada no início da década de 1990, quando o símbolo da prevenção ao Câncer de Mama — o laço cor-de-rosa — foi lançado pela Fundação Susan G. Komen for the Cure e distribuído aos participantes da primeira Corrida pela Cura, realizada em Nova York (EUA) e, desde então, promovida anualmente.
A campanha mobiliza diversas Instituições — tanto públicas quanto privadas — para disponibilização de exames (Mamografias) gratuitos ou com preço reduzido, a fim de encorajar as mulheres a fazê-los, para assim, tratarem de qualquer problema encontrado precocemente. Isso porque, nos estágios iniciais, o Câncer de Mama é assintomático e responde muito melhor aos tratamentos. A Mamografias é recomendada a partir dos 50 anos de idade e deve ser feita anualmente até os 69 anos, exceto em casos de histórico familiar. Esse exame é essencial, uma vez que, detectado em estágio inicial, as chances de cura chegam a até 90%.
Embora não seja considerado um dos Exames Preventivos que permita seja feito o diagnóstico do Câncer de Mama, o Autoexeme é recomendado para mulheres após os 20 anos, com caso de Câncer na família, ou com mais de 40 anos, sem caso de Câncer na família. Mesmo não sendo possível fazer o diagnóstico, o Autoexame ajuda a mulher a conhecer melhor o corpo, permitindo que se esteja atenta a possíveis alterações que possam surgir na Mama, identificando possíveis alterações na forma, cor, tamanho e textura, assim como a presença de caroços e, diante de eventuais alterações, consultar o Ginecologista ou Mastologista, para realizar Exames, pois existem muitas condições de saúde que podem alterar as Mamas, o que inclui o Câncer de Mama, que quanto mais cedo diagnosticado, melhores as chances de cura.
O Autoexame de Mama pode ser feito uma vez por mês, todos os meses, entre o 3º e o 5º dia depois da menstruação, que é quando as mamas estão mais flácidas e indolores, ou em uma data fixa nas mulheres que já não têm menstruação.
Para falar sobre o Câncer de Mama, dirimindo dúvidas relacionadas à prevenção, diagnóstico e tratamento, entre outras, a reportagem do JS entrevistou com exclusividade a Médica Mastologista Janaina de Matos Sarrizo.
Confira os principais trechos da entrevista
JORNAL DO SUDOESTE: O que, basicamente, caracteriza o Câncer de Mama e quais são os seus principais sintomas?
DRA. JANAINA DE MATOS SARRIZO: O Câncer de Mama é uma doença na qual ocorre uma proliferação, um crescimento desordenado das células anormais do Tecido Mamário, e essas células podem se disseminar e invadir outros órgãos. Isso é o que chamamos de Metástases. Os principais sintomas que a gente pode observar é Nódulo Único Endurecido, aderido, ou seja, ele não move e é indolor. Muitas pacientes ficam preocupadas porque quando sentem a dor na Mama, acham que isso é um problema, mas o (tumor) maligno não causa dor. Pode ocorrer algum abaulamento ou retração da Mama, pode ocorrer uma inversão do mamilo, vermelhidão e espessamento de pele (tipo casca de laranja), secreção sanguinolenta ou serosa pelos mamilos, especialmente se for espontâneo e em apenas um ducto do mamilo. Linfonodos Axilares aumentados, temos que observar isso também.
JS: Quais são as possíveis causas do Câncer de Mama? Quais os principais fatores de risco?
DRA. JANAINA DE MATOS SARRIZO: O Câncer de Mama não tem uma causa única, mas existem diversos fatores que estão relacionados ao aumento do risco de desenvolver a doença. Por exemplo, a Menarca antes dos 12 anos, que é a primeira Menstruação, quanto mais cedo a mulher menstrua, maior é esse risco; a Menopausa acima dos 55 anos; a primeira gestação após 30 anos; Nuliparidade (nunca ter engravidado), também pode aumentar esse risco. História familiar, quando se tem parentes que já tiveram o Câncer de Mama essa mulher apresenta um maior risco, especialmente se o parente for de primeiro grau, mãe, irmãs, filha, pai. Quando tem algum parente homem, todo mundo tem que ficar atento, porque existe o risco de ter inclusive alguma mutação genética. À medida que for ficando mais distante o parentesco, esse risco não é tão alto. A pessoa que já teve o Câncer de Mama tem um risco aumentado de ter na Mama Contralateral, pessoas que tiveram lesões que não são malignas, mas que tinham atipias nas células, Tumores Benignos, mas com atipias. Então, ela tem um risco aumentado de desenvolver o Câncer de Mama. A mulher que é portadora de mutação genética também tem um risco aumentado, neste caso os familiares também devem investigar. Lembrando que não são todas as mutações genéticas que têm o risco aumentado, depende de qual gene que está mutado, tem uns que tem mais risco, outros de moderado risco. Mulheres que fazem a Terapia Hormonal na Pós Menopausa, principalmente se for com a combinação dos Hormônios Estrogênio e Progesterona acima de 5 anos de uso. Anticoncepcionais Hormonais, principalmente com um uso prolongado antes da primeira gestação e quando ela interrompe esse uso, após 10 anos de seu uso, o risco se iguala ao de não usuárias. Irradiação Torácica antes dos 30 anos de idade (Radioterapia em Manto para Linfoma), tem risco aumentado para o Câncer de Mama. Etilismo, a obesidade na pós menopausa, tabagismo (controverso).
A MATÉRIA COMPLETA VOCÊ CONFERE NA EDIÇÃO 727 DO JORNAL DO SUDOESTE, ACESSANDO O LINK: https://www.jornaldosudoeste.com/jornal-digital-edicao-727/
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