Quem é o brasileiro de 26 anos que lidera pesquisa internacional sobre rejuvenescimento

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Bioquímico Lucas Camillo está à frente de um grupo de 20 pesquisadores que identificaram um gene capaz de reverter em até dez anos o envelhecimento celular

POR DANIEL TIRIBA – ASCOM/DS COMUNICAÇÃO (dtiriba@gmail.com)

Um grupo de cientistas da Universidade de Cambridge, no Reino Unido, identificou um gene capaz de rejuvenescer células humanas em até dez anos, em testes feitos em laboratório. A descoberta ainda em estágios iniciais pode revolucionar o tratamento de doenças relacionadas ao envelhecimento, como Alzheimer e Parkinson. O trabalho é liderado pelo brasileiro Lucas Camillo, de apenas 26 anos, e foi publicado no mês passado na BioRxiv.

O pesquisador brasileiro está à frente de uma equipe de 20 pessoas que desenvolve há cerca de quatro anos uma pesquisa com potencial de transformar as terapias para doenças relacionadas à idade avançada. A pesquisa é conduzida pelo laboratório ShiftBioscience, uma startup que funciona em Cambridge.

“Sempre quis ter um impacto grande na área de saúde”, contou Camillo, que é formado em Bioquímica pela Universidade de Brown, nos EUA, e, atualmente, cursa Medicina em Cambridge. “Hoje, o maior impacto seria, justamente, na área do envelhecimento; em qualquer sistema de saúde do mundo o maior número de atendimentos está relacionado às doenças relacionadas ao envelhecimento. A ideia seria ter uma terapia que atacasse todas elas ao mesmo tempo.”

Entre 1.500 genes estudados, o grupo identificou o SB000, capaz de rejuvenescer células aparentemente sem o risco de estimular o desenvolvimento de tumores – o que acontece em outras abordagens com o mesmo fim. Segundo Camillo, os testes em laboratório conseguiram rejuvenescer células epiteliais em uma década num período de apenas um mês de tratamento.

Esse poderia ser um mecanismo importante para a prevenção e o tratamento das chamadas doenças relacionadas ao envelhecimento, como as já citadas Parkinson e Alzheimer, mas também diabetes, problemas cardíacos e, até mesmo, alguns tipos de câncer. Revertendo o envelhecimento celular de tempos em tempos, a terapia preveniria o surgimento de tais doenças e, eventualmente, até conseguiria tratá-las.

Já existem formas de rejuvenescer células. A principal delas utiliza os chamados fatores Yamanaka e foi desenvolvida para uso em pesquisas laboratoriais, não como terapia voltada para seres humanos. Isso porque ela ativa uma via de pluripotência (a capacidade das células-tronco de se transformarem em outras células), levando, muitas vezes ao desenvolvimento de tumores, o que inviabiliza o seu uso clínico.

“Os fatores Yamanaka são um coquetel de quatro genes capazes de transformar qualquer célula em uma célula-trono”, explicou Camillo. “Isso foi desenvolvido para o uso de células-tronco em laboratório e levou um prêmio Nobel. Vários laboratórios tentam adaptar essa reversão da idade biológica para praticamente zero (células-tronco embrionárias) para algum outro grau de rejuvenescimento celular. O maior problema é que elas acabam desenvolvendo tumores. O que nós tentamos fazer foi, justamente, achar um gene ou um grupo de genes que conseguisse induzir um rejuvenescimento relativo, mas sem gerar tumores.”

O SB00, segundo Camillo, atua de forma mais segura, revertendo a idade das células sem induzir à pluripotência, abrindo assim caminho para uma nova geração de terapias. Atualmente, especialistas consideram o envelhecimento o principal fator de risco para muitas doenças. De acordo com essa abordagem, reverter ou retardar o envelhecimento seria uma terapia eficiente para prevenir ou mesmo tratar as doenças relacionadas às idades mais avançadas.

Nos testes de laboratório, foram usadas células da pele humana e o rejuvenescimento constatado foi de até dez anos. Além disso, foi verificado também um aumento na produção de colágeno. Tentador para a indústria cosmética. Camillo garante que não é o objetivo do trabalho, embora reconheça o potencial.

“Nosso principal objetivo é prevenir e tratar doenças relacionadas ao envelhecimento”, afirmou o pesquisador. “Mas, com certeza, embora não seja o objetivo da pesquisa, poderia sim ter aplicações cosméticas.”

O caminho a ser percorrido até um tratamento clínico chegar ao mercado ainda é muito longo. Se tudo der certo e for feito dentro do cronograma, os cientistas ainda precisam testar os efeitos do gene em diferentes tipos de células, verificar sua segurança e eficácia em animais e, futuramente, dar início a estudos clínicos em seres humanos. Ou seja, para que essa tecnologia se transforme em tratamento acessível, seguro e eficaz são necessários pelo menos mais dez anos de trabalho.

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