Maragogi, Natal e Salvador são os locais mais afetados da região
Por Léo Rodrigues – Repórter da Agência Brasil
O balanço anual de 2024 do projeto Coral Vivo, divulgado nesta segunda-feira (30), registra preocupações com os efeitos da forte onda de calor associada ao fenômeno El Niño. Conforme o relatório, os recifes do coral no Brasil sofreram o segundo grande episódio de branqueamento, processo que se desdobrou em uma intensa mortalidade. A porção norte da região Nordeste foi o local mais afetado, sendo perceptíveis os impactos no litoral de cidades como Maragogi (AL), Natal e Salvador.
Segundo o balanço, a onda de calor foi menos intensa e duradoura no Sudeste e no sul da Bahia, gerando uma baixa mortalidade nesses locais, justamente onde estão os maiores e mais diversos recifes de coral do Brasil.
Ainda assim, os pesquisadores destacaram que as duas espécies que mais sofreram mortalidade no primeiro grande branqueamento, que foi registrado em 2019, foram novamente as mais afetadas em 2024. Trata-se do coral-de-fogo (Millepora alcicornis) e do coral-vela (Mussismilia harttii). Este último é uma espécie ameaçada de extinção encontrada somente em águas brasileiras.
O branqueamento pode ocorrer por diferentes fatores, sendo o aumento da temperatura um dos mais relevantes. Ele se configura quando os pólipos do coral expelem as zooxantelas, organismos que vivem dentro de seus tecidos e que são responsáveis pela pigmentação. Trata-se de uma relação simbiótica. O coral oferece abrigo, alimento e dióxido de carbono. Em troca, as zooxantelas fornecem nutrientes gerados por meio da fotossíntese. Ao expelir esses organismos, além de perderem a cor, muitos corais acabam morrendo.
“O aprofundamento das investigações reforça nosso esforço por políticas públicas e áreas de conservação, tornando mais efetiva a proteção de todo o ecossistema coralíneo brasileiro, sobretudo no litoral sul da Bahia”, registra o relatório, que sintetiza os principais achados do monitoramento realizado ao longo do ano em 18 pontos estratégicos da costa do país.
Banco de corais de cadeia submersa do Norte do Brasil mostram branqueamento. – Cabeço Branco. Foto: UFPE – UFPE
O projeto Coral Vivo surgiu a partir de estudos que se iniciaram em 1996 no Museu Nacional, instituição vinculado à Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ). Desde então, consolidou-se como um centro de pesquisa com reconhecimento nacional e internacional. Atua com foco especial na compreensão dos ciclos de vida dos corais, o que é essencial para o desenvolvimento de estratégias eficazes de conservação e recuperação de recifes degradados.
De acordo com os pesquisadores envolvidos no projeto, a morte de corais tem consequências devastadoras para a biodiversidade e a economia, já que eles não apenas protegem as praias da erosão como também fornecem abrigo, alimento e áreas de reprodução para milhares de espécies. Consequentemente sustentam a pesca e o turismo, gerando renda para diversas comunidades costeiras.
A principal preocupação é o aumento da temperatura dos oceanos, impulsionado pelas mudanças climáticas, já que os recifes são ecossistemas vulneráveis.
Em 2024, a onda de calor foi influenciada ainda pelo fenômeno El Niño, caracterizado pelo enfraquecimento dos ventos alísios (que sopram de leste para oeste) e pelo aquecimento anormal das águas superficiais da porção leste da região equatorial do Oceano Pacífico. Essas mudanças na interação entre a superfície oceânica e a baixa atmosfera ocorrem em intervalos de tempo que variam entre três e sete anos e têm consequências no tempo e no clima em diferentes partes do planeta. Isso porque a dinâmica das massas de ar no Oceano Pacífico adota novos padrões de transporte de umidade, afetando a temperatura e a distribuição das chuvas.
Foto: Divulgação/ © UFPE
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