Após seis anos, reconhecimento de terras indígenas contribuem para a preservação ambiental

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Ministério da Justiça confirmou que a posse de 11 terras indígenas, com mais de 1,2 milhão de hectares, pertence a povos originários. Além de cumprir dever constitucional, medida visa proteger áreas de desmatamento, garimpo e extração ilegal de madeira

Por Agência Gov | Via MJSP

O reconhecimento de 11 terras indígenas, somente em 2024, pelo Ministério da Justiça e Segurança Pública (MJSP) representa mais do que a preservação da vida e da cultura dos povos originários. A posse e o usufruto exclusivo desses territórios, um direito garantido pela Constituição Federal, é determinante para a conservação ambiental e contribui diretamente para a mitigação dos impactos das mudanças climáticas, como o aquecimento global.

E vai além disso. Garantir que áreas sejam cuidadas e preservadas pelas populações indígenas também é uma importante ferramenta de controle do avanço de crimes como desmatamento, grilagem, garimpo e extração ilegal de madeira. A contribuição do MJSP, que ocorre depois de seis anos sem portarias declaratórias por parte do ministério, fortalece a proteção dos biomas brasileiros com o reconhecimento do direito à posse de terras que, juntas, ocupam 1.230.390 hectares.


“No cenário em que estamos vivendo, com mudanças climáticas e constantes ameaças do crime organizado, ter esses blocos verdes protegidos é essencial para garantir a sustentabilidade do planeta”, afirma a secretária de Acesso à Justiça, Sheila de Carvalho


 As portarias assinadas pelo ministro da Justiça e Segurança Pública, Ricardo Lewandowski, somam-se a homologações já concretizadas pelo Governo Federal durante a gestão do presidente Lula. Em 2023 e 2024 foram emitidos decretos presidenciais para 13 terras indígenas: Acapuri de Cima (AM), Aldeia Velha (BA), Arara do Rio Amônia (AC), Ava-Canoeiro (GO), Cacique Fontoura (MT), Morro dos Cavalos (SC), Potiguara de Monte-Mor (PB), Rio dos Índios (RS), Rio Gregório (AC), Kariri-Xocó (AL), Toldo Imbu (SC), Tremembé da Barra do Mundaí (CE) e Uneiuxi (AM). Atualmente, existem 19 procedimentos de demarcação em fase de análise no MJSP.

As terras indígenas estão entre as áreas mais conservadas do Brasil e formam importantes barreiras contra o avanço da devastação ambiental e de crimes praticados por organizações criminosas.

É o que demonstra o levantamento feito pelo Mapbiomas Brasil sobre a redução de vegetação nativa no país de 1985 a 2022. Nesse período, as terras indígenas perderam menos de 1% de sua área de vegetação, enquanto nos territórios privados essa taxa foi de 17%.

Estudos elaborados pela Rights and Resources Initiative, Woods Hole Research Center e World Resources Institute (WRI) indicam que, em todo o mundo, terras sob gestão de comunidades indígenas e tradicionais guardam cerca de 24% do carbono estocado na superfície. Outra pesquisa do WRI aponta que as terras indígenas no Brasil podem evitar a emissão de 31,8 milhões de toneladas anuais de carbono. Todos esses estudos são usados pelo MJSP como referência.

“Ao evitar o desmatamento, as terras indígenas mostram que são essenciais para a estabilidade dos ecossistemas do país e do planeta, e uma forma de controlar as emissões de gases de efeito estufa”, destaca a coordenadora de Demarcação de Terras Indígenas, do MJSP, Estella Libardi de Souza.

Localização das 11 terras indígenas reconhecidas pelo MJSP em 2024.Localização das 11 terras indígenas reconhecidas pelo MJSP em 2024

Terras tradicionalmente ocupadas

Neste ano, o MJSP publicou 11 portarias de reconhecimento das seguintes terras indígenas: Apiaká do Pontal e Isolados, em Mato Grosso (MT ); Maró, Cobra Grande e Sawré Muybu, no Pará (PA); e Jaraguá, Peguaoty, Djaiko-aty, Amba Porã, Pindoty/Araça -Mirim, Tapy’i/Rio Branquinho e Guaviraty, em São Paulo (SP). Algumas delas , estão em regiões ambientalmente sensíveis, como a Bacia do Rio Tapajós e a Mata Atlântica.

A decisão beneficiou os povos indígenas Borari, Arapium, Jaraqui, Tapajó, Apiaká, Munduruku, Guarani, Guarani Mbya, Guarani Nhandeva e Tupi-Guarani , além de povos indígenas isolados. O povo Munduruku, por exemplo, esperou 17 anos pela assinatura do documento.

Bacia do Tapajós

A Bacia do Rio Tapajós liga o Cerrado à Amazônia e se espalha pelos estados de Mato Grosso (MT), do Pará (PA), do Amazonas (AM) e uma pequena parte de Rondônia (RO). Ela tem uma área aproximada de 490 mil km² e é uma das regiões em que o crescimento do garimpo ilegal foi mais expressivo no Brasil. Segundo o Mapbiomas Brasil, nos últimos 10 anos, a atividade extrativista ilegal triplicou na área e alcançou o tamanho semelhante ao de Porto Alegre, capital do Rio Grande do Sul.

Além dos impactos do garimpo ilegal, a região é afetada pela pecuária, pela exploração madeireira e pelo cultivo da soja, com expansão contínua de terras para agricultura. Conforme o Mapeamento Sociocultural, Econômico e Ambiental do Tapajós, a ampliação da fronteira agropecuária na região provocou o aumento de 6,5 milhões de hectares de pastagem e outros 4,4 milhões de hectares destinados à agricultura. Só na área destinada à soja, por exemplo, houve um crescimento de 6.100%.

Ainda de acordo com o Mapbiomas Brasil, apenas nos municípios de Jacareacanga, Trairão, Itaituba, Aveiro e Rurópolis, que abrangem o médio e o alto Tapajós, a área de floresta convertida para outros usos chegou a 784 mil hectares desmatados de 1985 a 2020, dimensão maior que o Distrito Federal.

Mata Atlântica

Um dos biomas mais ameaçados de extinção no mundo, a Mata Atlântica concentra 70% da população brasileira e está cada vez mais distante da sua configuração original.

Segundo dados do MapBiomas Brasil , apenas 24,3% do território — que se estende por 17 estados — ainda resiste como formação florestal. Esse tipo de cobertura, que ocupava 27,1% da área em 1985, caiu para 24,3% em 2021.

Algumas das terras indígenas demarcadas pelo MJSP estão no Vale do Ribeira, no litoral sul de São Paulo, uma das regiões mais preservadas do bioma Atlântico. Desde a década de 1980, a área passou a contar com diversas unidades de conservação, sendo de extrema importância para a proteção da biodiversidade local.

Símbolo de resistência em meio a uma das regiões metropolitanas mais populosas do mundo, a Terra Indígena Jaraguá também foi beneficiada com o reconhecimento oficial. Localizada nos municípios de São Paulo e Osasco, a área representa uma pequena porção de fragmento florestal da Mata Atlântica.

Foto: Lorena Chaves/ Funai

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