POR JURACY DOS ANJOS – ASCOM (ATcom – Estratégia, Relacionamento e Conteúdo)
Geralmente causada por vírus ou bactérias, a Meningite é caracterizada por inflamação das Meninges, membranas protetoras que revestem o Cérebro e a Medula Espinhal, e que pode ser prevenida por meio de vacinação. Na Bahia, 308 pessoas já foram diagnosticadas com a doença neste ano, de acordo com dados da Secretaria de Saúde do Estado da Bahia (Sesab), atualizados até 22 de setembro. Salvador concentra a maior parte dos casos, com 111 confirmações, seguida por Vitória da Conquista (15), Feira de Santana (13), Lauro de Freitas (8) e Camaçari (7). Barreiras e Luís Eduardo Magalhães registraram dois casos cada uma. A doença também provocou a morte de 36 pessoas em todo o Estado, conforme levantamento de 25 de setembro divulgado pela Sesab.
“A Meningite é uma doença que pode, algumas vezes, ser muito grave, de acordo com a sua etiologia (origem), e que, se não tratada de forma adequada e rapidamente, pode deixar sequelas e até levar à morte. Por isso, é importante se imunizar com as vacinas disponíveis no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) e na rede privada, porque elas são seguras e eficientes e contribuem para prevenir complicações mais graves”, afirma o Médico Infectologista e Consultor do Sabin Diagnóstico e Saúde, Claudilson Bastos.
Ele explica que, aliada à imunização, é necessário ficar atento aos sinais e sintomas da doença, principalmente a Meningite Viral, que é a mais comum e pode ser desencadeada por alguns vírus, como o Enterovírus, Herpes Simples, Zika e Chikungunya, dentre outras etiologias, uma vez que os sintomas podem se assemelhar aos de uma gripe. “Apesar de diferentes, a Meningite Viral e a Gripe, por exemplo, têm sintomas iniciais parecidos, como febre e dor de cabeça, mas a Meningite Viral pode evoluir, já que é uma inflamação das membranas, para outros sinais mais graves e Neurológicos, como rigidez na nuca, sensibilidade à luz, vômitos intensos e confusão mental. Diante desse quadro, é imprescindível procurar o Sistema de Saúde para o diagnóstico preciso e o início do tratamento adequado”, informa.
As manifestações mais graves da Meningite Viral também estão presentes na Meningite Bacteriana, que causou a internação de 195 pessoas na Bahia, até junho deste ano, conforme dados da Sesab. A doença, que afeta todas as idades – especialmente bebês, crianças em idade escolar e jovens – é a forma mais perigosa da Meningite e pode ser causada por bactérias como Streptococcus pneumoniae (Pneumococo), Haemophilus influenzae e Neisseria meningitidis (Meningococo).
“Além da febre alta, dor de cabeça intensa, rigidez da nuca, vômitos, confusão mental, fotofobia, em casos mais graves da meningite bacteriana, o paciente pode apresentar convulsões, delírio e até entrar em coma”, salienta o especialista, destacando que, em bebês, os sintomas podem ser menos específicos, apresentando quadro de irritabilidade, sonolência, dificuldade em aceitar a alimentação e o abaulamento (deformação) da moleira.
Além das Meningites Viral e Bacteriana, há ainda outras formas menos comuns, como a Fúngica, que é causada por fungos e atinge principalmente pessoas com o Sistema Imunológico comprometido, como pacientes com HIV, pessoas em Tratamentos Oncológicos ou que usam Medicamentos Imunossupressores e Corticoides; e a Parasitária, causada pela ingestão de alimentos ou água contaminados com parasitas.
Vacinação ajuda a prevenir casos graves
Há diversas vacinas disponíveis nas redes pública e privada. Um exemplo, de acordo com o Infectologista, é a Meningocócica C, que ajuda a prevenir a Meningite e outras doenças graves causadas pela bactéria Neisseria meningitidis do sorogrupo C. Em bebês, o imunizante deve ser aplicado em três doses: aos 3 meses, 5 meses e um reforço com 1 ano. As crianças maiores devem tomar a vacina entre os 11 e 12 anos.
A Meningocócica B, por sua vez, é aplicada exclusivamente na rede privada e é destinada para crianças e jovens saudáveis entre 10 e 25 anos. Ela protege contra as doenças causadas também pela Neisseria meningitidis, mas do Sorogrupo B, como a Meningite Meningocócica e a Septicemia Meningocócica, que é uma infecção que se espalha pelo sangue. A vacina deve ser administrada em duas doses.
Outra opção é a Meningocócica ACWY. Na rede privada, ela pode ser aplicada no primeiro ano de vida, iniciando aos 3 meses do bebê, com a segunda dose aos 5 meses e um reforço a partir de 1 ano de idade. Na rede pública, desde julho deste ano, é usada como dose de reforço aos 12 meses. Crianças e adolescentes de 11 a 14 anos também podem ser imunizados em dose única pelo SUS.
A população ainda pode ter acesso às Vacinas Conjugadas Pneumocócicas 10, 13 e 23, que ajudam a prevenir doenças causadas pela bactéria Streptococcus pneumoniae, como Meningite, Otite Média e Pneumonia. O imunizante Pneumo 23, por sua vez, protege ainda contra a Bacteremia e a Septicemia.
Há mais vacinas disponíveis somente na rede privada, como nas Unidades do Sabin em Salvador, Lauro de Freitas e Barreiras. São elas: a Pneumo 15, que oferece proteção contra 15 diferentes Sorotipos da bactéria Streptococcus pneumoniae, e a Pneumo 20, que amplia a cobertura para um número maior de Sorotipos, incluindo aqueles associados a casos graves e resistentes a antibióticos, e que é indicada para crianças, idosos e portadores de condições de risco para Doença Pneumocócica Grave.
Foto: Marcos Welber/ Acervo Sabin
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